“New Needle for Two-Needle Hemodialysis” A R Zarate, ASAIO Journal 1998, M549-554.

This was the first time it was postulated that the standard venous dialysis needle ejects blood at very high velocity and turbulence which could be harmful to patients, and that the new design of the venous needle would improve the hemodynamic of the vascular access.

“Hemodynamics of the hemodialysis vascular access during dialysis using the standard and a newly designed venous dialysis needle”, unpublished data.

This study was performed in 1999 at the Georgia Institute of Technology, with a grant awarded to Biomedical Enterprises by the National Institute of Health. The study was performed by Karolyi D, Zarate AR and Giddens DP. This was the study that   demonstrated that the standard venous dialysis needle ejects fluid at very high velocity and turbulence and that the new needle improved the hemodynamic of the vascular access.

“Reduced Turbulent Intensities in a Novel Dialysis Venous Needle” S Unnikrishan ¹, BL Hershey¹, T Huynh¹, A R Zarate², A. Anayiotos¹. ¹ Biomedical Engineering, Univ. Alabama at Birmingham.

Poster presentation at the 2003 annual meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society, at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.

“The Current Venous Dialysis Needle Jet Damages the Endothelium” A R Zarate¹, N Velasquez², A R Zarate¹, F O Tio². ¹Biomedical Enterprises Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, ² Biomedical Research Foundation of South Texas, University of Texas , San Antonio.

Published in the proceedings of and presented as at the Amer. Society of Nephrology meeting, Nov. 7, 2008, Philadelphia, PA.

“Fast Hemodialysis Damages Circulating Blood Cells” A R Zarate¹, S Patel², J C Romero³. ¹ Biomedical Enterprises Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, ² G. Washington University, Washington DC,³ .Mayo School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.

Abstract published in the proceedings of the Amer. Society of Nephrology meeting, Nov. 7, Philadelphia, PA.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle is Safe and Effective in Patients” A R Zarate¹, S Patel², J C Romero³. ¹ Biomedical Enterprises Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, ² G. Washington University, Washington DC, ³. Mayo School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.

Abstract published in the proceedings of and presented at the Amer. Society of Nephrology meeting, Nov 7, Philadelphia, PA.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle Improves the Adequacy of Dialysis” A R Zarate¹, S Patel², J C Romero³. ¹ Biomedical Enterprises Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, ² G. Washington University, Washington DC,². Mayo School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.

Submitted for presentation to the World Congress of Nephrology, Milan, May 22-26, 2009.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle causes Less Damage to Circulating Blood Cells than the Current Venous Needle”, A R Zarate¹, S Patel², J C Romero³ . ¹ Biomedical Enterprises Inc. Bethesda, Maryland, ² G. Washington University. Washington DC,³. Mayo School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.

Poster presentation at the World Congress of Nephrology/EDTA meeting, Milan,  May 2009.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle for Two Needle Hemodialysis”,  A. Zarate¹, G.J.Mishkin², V.Barlee², J.P.Bosch²,  ¹Biomedical Enterprises Inc.,  ²George Washington Univ., Washington, DC.

Presented at ASN meeting, Nov 2000, Toronto.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle Causes Less Damage to the Endothelium than the Current Venous Needle”, A R Zarate, MD*¹, N Velasquez², A R Zarate¹ and F O Tio, MD². ¹Biomedical Enterprises Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States and ²Biomedical Research Foundation of South Texas, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, United States., Accepted for presentation, International Congress of Hemodialysis, Hong Kong, August 2009.

“A Novel Venous Dialysis Needle Improves the Adequacy of Dialysis”, A R Zarate, MD*¹, S Patel, MD², A R Zarate¹ and J C Romero, MD³. ¹Biomedical Enterprises Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States; ²G. Washington University, Wash., DC, United States and ³Mayo School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.

Poster presentation at the World Congress of nephrology/EDTA meeting, Milan, May 2009.

“The Hemodialysis blood Circuit (HDBC) Contributes to Cause Morbidity and Mortality in “ ESRD Patients” ¹ Alfredo Zarate, MD and  ²Juan C Romero, MD, ¹Biomedical Enterprises Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States and ²Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States. Accepted for Presentation, World Congress of Nephrology, Vancouver, Canada, April 2011.